What condition is characterized by excessive secretion of cortisol?

Cushing's syndrome is characterized by excessive secretion of cortisol, which is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands. This condition can arise due to various factors, including tumors on the pituitary gland that stimulate the adrenal glands, tumors on the adrenal glands themselves, or even ectopic production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from non-endocrine tumors. Elevated cortisol levels lead to a range of clinical manifestations, including weight gain, particularly in the abdominal area, a rounded face (often referred to as "moon facies"), easy bruising, skin changes, muscle weakness, and hypertension.

In contrast, diabetes insipidus is related to insufficient production or action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), Addison's disease involves insufficient cortisol production, and hypoglycemia results from low blood sugar levels rather than hormone overproduction. Each of these conditions presents distinctly and is influenced by different hormonal imbalances, making Cushing's syndrome the clear choice when identifying a condition marked by excessive cortisol secretion.