What is the most common effect of chronic high cortisol levels on bones?

Chronic high cortisol levels lead to a condition known as Cushing's syndrome, which has significant effects on bone health. One of the most common effects of sustained elevated cortisol is the weakening of bones, making them more susceptible to fractures. Cortisol interferes with the bone remodeling process, inhibiting the formation of new bone by osteoblasts while promoting the activity of osteoclasts, the cells that break down bone tissue. This imbalance results in a decrease in bone density, which ultimately leads to brittle bones. Consequently, individuals with long-term high cortisol levels often experience an increased risk of fragility fractures, emphasizing the direct link between cortisol and compromised bone integrity.

In contrast, options such as increased bone density or improved overall bone health are incorrect because high cortisol levels typically have the opposite effect, leading to bone loss rather than gain. Enhanced calcium absorption does not occur with chronic high levels of cortisol; in fact, cortisol can lead to a decrease in the absorption of calcium and negatively impacts bone health further.